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【HIV及其传播——摘自美国CDC官方网站】发布时间：2005-6-13 17:42:00作者：佚名文章来源：HIV and Its Transmission HIV及其传播________________________________________Research has revealed a great deal of valuable medical, scientific, and public health information about the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The ways in which HIV can be transmitted have been clearly identified. Unfortunately, false information or statements that are not supported by scientific findingscontinue to be shared widely through the Internet or popular press. Therefore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have prepared this fact sheetto correct a few misperceptions about HIV.研究工作显示出关于HIV(人类免疫系统缺陷综合症)的大量科学的有价值的信息,HIV的传染途径已经被清楚的得到证实.因为曾经有未经科学证实的错误的信息及报告被互联网及公共传媒传播,所以美国国家疾病预防控制中心准备了一下材料供修正一些有关HIV的错误信息.________________________________________How HIV is transmittedHIV is spread by sexual contact with an infected person, by sharingneedles and/or syringes (primarily for drug injection) with someone who is infected, or, less commonly (and now very rarely in countries where blood is screened for HIV antibodies), through transfusions of infected blood or blood clotting factors. Babies born to HIV-infected women may become infected before or during birth or through breast-feeding after birth.HIV如何传播HIV是通过与被感染者的性接触,共用注射针头(主要是毒品共用注射),或输入受HIV污染的血液及制品(但目前多数国家对血液制品有HIV检测),新生儿通过受感染的母亲在分娩或哺乳时感染.In the health care setting, workers have been infected with HIV after being stuck with needles containing HIV-infected blood or, less frequently, after infected blood gets into a worker open cut or a mucous membrane (for example, the eyes or inside of the nose). There has been only one instance of patients being infected by a health care worker in the United States;this involved HIV transmission from one infected dentist to six patients.Investigations have been completed involving more than 22,000 patients of 63 HIV-infected physicians, surgeons, and dentists,and no other cases of this type of transmission have been identified in the United States.在医疗保健的工作中,工作人员被感染是在被含有HIV的血液的针头刺伤以后,包含HIV的血液或体液通过伤口或细微的黏膜进入工作人员 (例如，鼻子,眼睛) 。 医疗保健工作者被传染的案例在美国只有一个, 这包含一个感染了HIV的牙医到六名患者。 调查涉及超过63 位被传染HIV的医师的22,000 名患者，包括外科医生，牙医，并且除这类医源型传染外未在美国被发现其他案例。Some people fear that HIV might be transmitted in other ways; however, no scientific evidence to support any of these fears has been found.一些人担心HIV会通过其他的一些途径进行传染,但是目前没有科学证据来证实这些担心的必要性.If HIV were being transmitted through other routes (such as through air,water, or insects), the pattern of reported AIDS cases would be much different from what has been observed.如果HIV可以通过其他途径(例如,空气,水,或者昆虫)来传播,那么HIV感染者的数量将比目前检测到的要有巨大的差别.For example, if mosquitoes could transmit HIV infection, many more young children and preadolescentswould have been diagnosed with AIDS.举例说明,如果蚊虫可以传染HIV那么会有许多孩子和青春期的少年被诊断为HIV感染者.All reported cases suggesting new or potentially unknown routes of transmission are thoroughly investigated by state and local health departments with the assistance, uidance, and laboratory support from CDC.所有报告的受感染案例,可能存在未知的或潜在的传染途径,但所有案例都被地方健康部门在国家健康部门协助指导和实验室支持下彻底调查过.No additional routes of transmission have been recorded, despite a national sentinel system designed to detect just such an occurrence.没有新的传染途径被证实!尽管国家疾病监测系统一直在寻找这样的特例!The following paragraphs specifically address some of the common misperceptions about HIV transmission.以下的文章将特别支出一些在HIV传染途径上的误解.HIV in the EnvironmentHIV在环境中的生存Scientists and medical authorities agree that HIV does not survive well in the environment, making the possibility of environmental transmission remote.科学和医学权威认同,HIV病毒不能在普通环境中良好的生存,产生在普通环境中传染的可能性.HIV is found in varying concentrations or amounts in blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, saliva, and tears. (See page 3, Saliva, Tears, and Sweat.)在血液和精液,阴道分泌物,母乳,唾液,泪液中可以发现较高浓度的聚集.To obtain data on the survival of HIV, laboratory studies have required the use of artificially high concentrations of laboratory-grown virus. Although these unnatural concentrations of HIV can be kept alive for days or even weeks under precisely controlled and limited laboratory conditions,要获得的HIV的数据,实验室研究需要高浓度的实验室培养HIV病毒,尽管这些是不寻常浓度的HIV病毒,要保持它们的活性数天或数周,还是需要正确的控制和严格要求的实验室条件的.CDC studies have shown that drying of even these high concentrations of HIV reduces the amount of infectious virus by 90 to 99 percent within several hours.国家疾病预防控制中心研究显示, 尽管是这些高浓度的可传染病毒在几小时的干燥过程中将有90%~99%的减少.Since the HIV concentrations used in laboratory studies are much higher than those actually found in blood or other specimens, drying of HIV-infected human blood or ther body fluids reduces the theoretical risk of environmental transmission to that which has been observed--essentially zero.既然高浓度病毒是被用做实验室用途,它们的浓度要比实际从血液和其他样本中找到的要高很多,干燥中的HIV感染者的血液和其他组织液从理论上来讲是降低了通过环境传染的危险性,从本质上说是零.Incorrect interpretation of conclusions drawn from laboratorystudies has unnecessarily alarmed some people.实验室研究错误的解释导致的结果使不必要的警告了传达到了部分普通人.Results from laboratory studies should not be used to assess specific personal risk of infection because实验室研究不能用于评估特定个体的感染危险是因为以下的原因 1) the amount of virus studied is not found in human specimens or elsewhere in nature, and(1)实验室研究用的HIV病毒浓度没有在人体的标本中找到,或者存在于自然环境中.(2) no one has been identified as infected with HIV due to contact with an nvironmental surface.(2)没有人被确认感染HIV是因为接触环境中的物体表面.Additionally, HIV is unable to reproduce outside its living host (unlike many bacteria or fungi, which may do so under suitable conditions), except under laboratory conditions, therefore, it does not spread or maintain infectiousness outside its host.再者,HIV病毒在离开期生存环境后不能自行繁殖(不象其他许多细菌或真菌可以在合适的条件下繁殖),除非在实验室培养的条件下.所以HIV离开载体不能自行分裂和保持传染性.——摘自美国CDC官方网站 |
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